In shrimp farming management, attention is often focused on feed, post larvae, and water quality. However, one important component that is frequently overlooked is microbes. These microscopic organisms live and thrive in pond water, sediment, and even inside the shrimp’s body. Despite their size, they play a major role in maintaining the balance of the pond ecosystem.
This article explores the role of microbes in shrimp ponds and their benefits for shrimp health and production performance!
Microbes in Pond Water and Sediment
Microbes living in pond water and sediment (sludge) play a crucial role in recycling organic and inorganic matter. In general, microbes (especially heterotrophic bacteria) function to decompose organic materials, helping maintain ecological balance in the pond.
The nitrogen cycle and microbial activity
- Only about 20-30% of nitrogen from feed is converted into shrimp biomass, while the remainder stays in the water column or accumulates in the sediment.
- Uneaten feed and metabolic waste become the primary sources of ammonia. When ammonia levels increase, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria become active and convert ammonia into nitrite as an intermediate product in the nitrogen cycle.
- Over time, nitrite is further converted into nitrate by other groups of bacteria. This pattern occurs due to the dynamic growth and metabolic activity of microbes in response to nutrient changes in the pond.
Various bacterial groups contribute to this cycle, including those involved in organic matter degradation, nitrogen fixation, ammonia oxidation, nitrification, and denitrification. Together, they support the recycling and stabilization of nitrogen within the culture system.
However, excessive nutrient levels such as high concentrations of leftover feed and ammonia can stimulate increased microbial metabolism. This may lead to water quality fluctuations, including decreased DO due to elevated microbial respiration, rapid pH fluctuations, and increased shrimp stress and reduced appetite. For this reason, microbial populations must be properly managed as part of overall water quality management.
