Black gill disease
In the early stages, the gills will turn opaque white and then become yellow or brownish. In the acute infection stage, the gills will turn brown or black, then shrink and be damaged.
Observing the symptoms, histopathology tests, microbiology tests, PCR, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis in the laboratory.
Microorganisms named Fusarium and Aspergillus flavus (case example in India). Chemical factors include toxic compounds (nitrite, ammonia, acid, potassium permanganate, copper, cadmium, ozone, etc.).
Fungus and chemicals
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Aspergillus flavus isolated from infected fish gills has a yellowish green color, a cotton-like texture, a granular shape, flat margins and elevations, with hyphae that has septates, as well as hyaline pigmentation and long conidiophores.
It may cause respiratory problems in shrimp and even death.
Poor water quality, low DO concentration, pollution, and stocking density that are insufficient to the pond capacity.
This pathogen can infect one shrimp with another directly or through a vector, such as ingestion, injection, physical contact, or air.
Reported to occur in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Taiwan.
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The incubation period has not been found, although early indications include pale white or opaque gills that turn brownish yellow and finally black.
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If the pond bottom is not properly managed and the shrimp gills turn pale white, there is an indication that the shrimp are in the early stages of black gill infection.
Preventive measures that can be taken include maintaining water quality conditions in the pond, controlling the pond bottom conditions, and preventing overfeeding. When the water quality deteriorates, change the water and add aeration. Pond preparation before starting a new cycle is also important, such as drying the pond bottom before stocking the fry. Drying must be done for two weeks as an attempt to kill disease-causing organisms such as fungus, bacteria, and viruses. In addition, the remaining organic substance will be oxidized until it is non-toxic. The water that will be charged into the pond must also be filtered and left in the pond for 3-4 days before stocking the fry. Make sure the salinity is 10-20 ppt.
Change 10-30% of the pond water for 3 days in a row, apply slaked lime (CaOH)₂ at night with a concentration of 5-10 ppm, apply fermented bran and molasses with a ratio of 1:2 per 2 ppm for 3 days in a row until the pond water changes color, and apply probiotics such as Rhodococcus dan Rhodobacter at a concentration of 0.5-1 ppm in the evening.
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Alavandi, S.V., K.K. Vijayan, and K.V. Rajendran. 1995. Shrimp Disease, Their Prevention and Control. CIBA Bulletin No. 3. Madras.
Baticados, M.C.L. 1998. Disease. In: Biology and Culture of Penaeus monodon. SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department. pp. 139-178.
Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture. Prevention of Black Gill Disease in Marine Shrimp.
Dewangan,N.K., Gopalakrishnan, A., Kannan, D., Shettu, N., Singh, R.R. 2015. Black gill disease of Pacific white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) by Aspergillus flavus. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 3 (10): 761-765. doi: 10.12980
Srinivas, D., Ch. Venkatrayalu, and B. Laxmappa. 2016. Identifying diseases affecting farmed Litopenaeus vannamei in different areas of Nellore district in Andhra Pradesh, India. IJFAS 2016; 4(2): 447-451.
Symptoms and Treatment of Black Gill Disease in Shrimp. JALA.